World Happiness Report 2023 137 Figure 5.1: Scalable population measurement of well-being through Twitter A. PERMA (Spain) B. Sentiment/Affect (Mexico) C. Life Satisfaction (United States) Source: INEGI 10th High 90th Low 50th Percent. Figure 5.1: Scalable population measurement of well-being through Twitter. A: in Spain, based on 2015 Twitter data and Spanish well-being language models measuring PERMA: Positive Emotions, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment based on custom dictionaries,28 B: in Mexico, built on Spanish sentiment models and provided by a web dashboard through Mexico’s Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía,29 and C: for U.S. counties,30 with interpolation of missing counties provided through a Gaussian process model using demographic and socioeconomic similarity between counties.31
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