World Happiness Report 2023 26 Endnotes 1 See Layard (2020, p.9. 2 See Barrington-Leigh (2022) 3 This is illustrated by the increasing number of references, even when compared to the triggering ‘beyond GDP’ concept, as shown in Figure 3.1 of chapter 3 of WHR 2022. 4 See EU Council (2019) and remarks by OECD Secretary General Angel Gurria, Brussels, July 8th, 2019 (https://www.oecd.org/social/economy-of-well-being- brussels-july-2019.htm). 5 New Zealand, Iceland, Finland, Scotland and Wales. 6 See for example Table 2.1 in this report. 7 ‘Ancient ethical theories are theories about happiness – theories that claim to have a reflective account of happiness will conclude that it requires having the virtues and giving due weight to the interests of others’ Annas (1993), p. 330. 8 See Aknin et al, (2019, p. 72). For a fuller review of pre-registered studies, see Aknin et al. (2022). 9 See Kushlev et al. (2020), Kushlev et al. (2022), Rhoads et al. (2021), Brethel-Haurwitz et al. (2014) and Aknin et al. (2018). 10 See Rilling et al (2002). 11 See Zeller (2018). 12 https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of- human-rights 13 https://sdgs.un.org/goals. For the links between the SDGs and happiness, see De Neve and Sachs (2020). 14 The importance of these variables appears both in cross-country context, as in Table 2.1 of Chapter 2 in this Report, and in analysis of individual responses, as shown, for example in Table 2.4 of World Happiness Report 2022, or in Clark et al. (2018). 15 See Stigler and Becker (1977). 16 As shown in Chapter 2, when large numbers of cash- containing wallets were experimentally dropped in 40 different countries, the percentage returned was 81% in the Nordic countries, 60% elsewhere in Western Europe, and 43% in all other countries combined. The underlying data are from Cohn et al (2019). 17 See Jefferson, T. (2004). 18 See Layard and De Neve (2023) and Frijters and Krekel (2021). 19 See Table 16 of Statistical Appendix 2 of Chapter 2 of World Happiness Report 2019. See also Flavin et al (2011), O’Connor (2017), and Helliwell et al. (2018) 20 See Layard and Clark (2014) particularly Chapter 11. See also Chisholm et al. (2016). 21 See Le et al. (2021). 22 See Cosma et al. (2020); Marquez and Long (2021). Krokstad et al (2022); McManus et al (2016); Sadler et al (2018). 23 See #BeeWell Report (2022) 24 See Durlak et al. (2011) and Lordan and McGuire (2019). 25 See Edmans (2012) 26 See Krueger (2009, p. 49). 27 See Waldinger and Schulz (2023). 28 See Helliwell and Putnam (2004). 29 13,000 Londoners asked on half a million occasions about their momentary happiness were happier in the company of a friend or partner, regardless of the nature or location of their activity. The overall results relating to the physical environment are in Krekel & MacKerron (2020), with the social context interactions reported in Helliwell et al. (2020) at p. 9. 30 For example Krekel et a.l (2016) and Krekel & MacKerron (2020). 31 See Leong (2010) and Helliwell (2011). 32 This is the pledge taken by members of Action for Happiness. 33 https://actionforhappiness.org/ 34 https://www.effectivealtruism.org/ 35 https://worldwellbeingmovement.org/ 36 See Figure 2.4 in World Happiness Report 2021. 37 As with the role of donations in Table 2.1 of each year’s Chapter 2. There were more increases in several types of benevolent acts in 2022, as reported in World Happiness Report 2022. 38 See Kellam et al. (2011) and Ialongo et al. (1999). 39 See Durlak et al. (2011) and Lordan and McGuire (2019). 40 See Layard and De Neve (2023) especially Chapter 18. 41 See World Happiness Report 2015, p. 15-16. 42 F or example, Table 2.1 of World Happiness Report 2022 shows that the coefficients for social support, freedom and generosity are materially lower in column 4 (where emotions are included) than in column 1 (where they are not) while the coefficients for income, health and corruption are unchanged. 43 For example, the level of workplace trust is an important determinant of both life evaluations and daily emotions, but with different patterns: high workplace trust lessens the size of the weekend effect for emotions, while life evaluations do not display any weekend patterns. 44 For example, see Davidson & Schuyler (2015). 45 F or a range of outcomes, see Lyubomirsky et al. (2005) and De Neve et al. (2013). On longevity see Steptoe and Wardle (2012) and Rosella et al. (2019), on productivity see Bellet et al. (2020), and for subsequent income see De Neve and Oswald (2012). 46 See Ward (2019), Ward (2020), and Ward et al. (2021). 47 See Nowakowski (2021).
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