World Happiness Report 2023 53 Table 2.2: How have life evaluations changed during COVID-19 for different people? Dependent variable: Cantril ladder (0-10) (1) Direct effect Interaction w/ COVID in same regression Constant 1.688*** 0.115 (0.255) (0.218) Log household income 0.321*** -0.0315 (0.0262) (0.0219) Social support 0.748*** 0.131*** (0.0282) (0.0447) Unemployed -0.385*** -0.0465 (0.0252) (0.0335) Freedom to make life choices 0.485*** 0.00903 (0.0214) (0.0320) College 0.327*** -0.0247 (0.0203) (0.0247) Married/common-law -0.0199 0.0368 (0.0196) (0.0266) Sep., div., wid. -0.196*** 0.0245 (0.0273) (0.0294) Donation 0.240*** -0.00392 (0.0151) (0.0224) Foreign-born -0.0793** 0.0256 (0.0312) (0.0328) Perceptions of corruption -0.239*** 0.0352 (0.0281) (0.0353) Health problem -0.459*** -0.0551** (0.0289) (0.0250) Age < 30 0.273*** 0.00528 (0.0305) (0.0303) Age 60+ 0.0688** 0.105*** (0.0341) (0.0283) Female 0.215*** -0.00198 (0.0236) (0.0210) Age < 30 x female 0.0171 -0.00758 (0.0257) (0.0264) Age 60+ x female -0.0730*** 0.00165 (0.0263) (0.0291) Institutional trust 0.274*** -0.00267 (0.0211) (0.0302) Country fixed effects Yes Number of observations 563,543 Number of countries 128 Adjusted R2 0.257 Root mean squared error 2.174 Notes: Standard errors in parentheses clustered by country. * p<.1, ** p<.05, *** p<.01. Estimates reported in the two columns are from a single regression using individual-level survey data from 2017-2022 with 563,543 respondents from 128 countries. The left column reports the happiness effects of the explanatory variables without COVID-19 influences. The right column shows the extra effects from COVID-19 captured by interactive terms with the indicator variable taking the value 1.0 for all observations in the years 2020-2022.
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