World Happiness Report 2023 73 66 This group, sometimes referred to as WEIRD, for Western, Educated, Industrial, Rich, and Democratic, is represented in our data by regions 0 and 7. Region 0 is Western Europe, and region 7 includes the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. 67 See Dolan et al.(2021), for UK experimental evidence from a large-scale volunteering programme. 68 See, for example, Aknin et al (2011) and Chapter 4 of this report. 69 The Ukrainian data were collected mainly during September 2022. See also the earlier analysis of the Gallup data in Ray (2022). For Ukrainian attitudes towards the Crimean annexation and its implications see Ray and Esipova (2014) and O’Loughlin et al. (2017). 70 Osiichuk & Shepotylo (2021) examined health and financial well-being during the post-2014 period, and found negative effects to be much greater for those living closer to the zones of conflict. 71 This includes the data for eight oblasts: Dnipropetrovsk, Donetsk, Zaporizhzhya, Luhansk, Kharkiv, Kherson, Mykolayiv, and Odessa. 72 See Kiev International Institute of Sociology (2022). 73 Ukrainian survey research in 2015 found that the happiness reductions were concentrated in the Donbas Oblasts of Donetsk and Luhansk. See Coupe & Obrizon (2016). 74 Tamilina (2022) finds that the war with Russia, but not war worries, predicted higher social trust in Ukraine using data from two rounds of the World Values Survey. 75 See Gallup/Meta (2022). The State of Social Connections study, by Gallup & Meta (Meta-commissioned study of at least 2,000 people ages 15+ in Brazil, Egypt, France, India, Indonesia, Mexico, and the United States), April-June 2022. 76 The three social connection questions included measures of support (“In general, how supported do you feel by people? By supported, I mean how much you feel cared for by people.”), connection (“In general, how connected do you feel to people? By connected, I mean how close you feel to people emotionally.”), and loneliness (“In general, how lonely do you feel? By lonely, I mean how much you feel emotionally isolated from people.”). All response options were on a 4-point scale that ranged from “Not at all [supported/connected/lonely]” to “Very [supported/ connected/lonely]. The social domain satisfaction question available in the 7-country poll is “In general, how satisfied are you with your relationships with people”. The four answers offered are very satisfied, somewhat satisfied, somewhat dissatisfied and very dissatisfied. The Gallup World Poll subset does not include this social domain satisfaction variable, but the Cantril ladder is asked elsewhere of all respondents, on a scale from 0 to 10, and provides a more general umbrella measure with which to value different aspects of social relations. 77 For social connections, the seven-country average was 3.04 with the significant departures being Brazil and Mexico lower (by 0.33 and 0.15, respectively), Egypt higher by 0.28, and France and India above the average by smaller amounts (0.07 and 0.11 respectively). For social support, the seven-country mean was 3.09 with significant departures being Egypt and the US higher (by 0.10 and 0.17 respectively) and Brazil and France lower (by 0.15 and 0.14 respectively). For loneliness the seven-country average was 1.68, with Egypt and India being higher (by 0.17 and 0.38 respectively) and Brazil, France, Indonesia and Mexico lower, (by 0.05, 0.13, 0.26, and 0.08 respectively). 78 For the umbrella measure of social domain satisfaction, the countries fell in a fairly narrow band, with the only significant departures being Brazil and Egypt higher by 0.07 and 0.09, respectively, and France lower by 0.15. 79 For example, as reviewed by Holt-Lunstad et al. (2015) and Leigh-Hunt et al (2017). 80 See Folk et al. (2023). 81 These are coefficients drawn from an equation using the combined social support variable and loneliness to predict satisfaction with social connections. See Folk et al. (2023) for details. 82 In both the 7-country and Gallup World Poll surveys, there are four answer options for each of three social connections questions in the seven countries appearing in both surveys. If we treat the deep dive survey’s share of responses in each of these 84 country-question-response bins as observations of one random variable, and the Gallup World Poll shares as a second random variable observed for the same 84 bins, the Pearson correlation of the two survey variables is 0.983. Within individual countries, the correlation of the 12 observations is consistently greater than .975, from a low of 0.976 in Egypt to a high of 0.995 in Indonesia. 83 We found that none of the three variables added significant explanatory power, whether or not we included our existing social support variable. This may reflect the relatively small sample size (104 countries) and no doubt also reflects the fact that the international share of total variance is much greater for life evaluations than for social context variables, as shown in Figure 2.1 of World Happiness Report 2013.
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